Towards Sharia E-Commerce Regulation: Analysis of Gharar and Consumer Protection in Indonesia

Ahdiyatul Hidayah, Nurmu’izzatin Zaharatul Parhi

Abstract


The development of digital technology has changed the pattern of conventional transactions to be online-based through e-commerce. Although it offers convenience and efficiency, e-commerce transactions also have potential legal problems, especially related to the unclear product information, payment methods, and delivery systems, which lead to gharar elements. In sharia economic law, gharar is seen as a prohibited uncertainty because it has the potential to harm one party and injure the principle of justice in the contract. This research aims to examine the concept of gharar in the context of digital transactions and examine consumer protection mechanisms according to the perspective of sharia economic law. The method used is normative legal research with a qualitative approach through literature studies on classical and contemporary fiqh books, national regulations, and relevant fatwas. The results of the study show that e-commerce is prone to contain elements of gharar, both explicitly and implicitly. Therefore, consumer protection is needed that is not only based on positive law, but also integrates sharia principles such as honesty (sidq), clarity of contract (ablution al-'aqd), and trust. This study recommends the need for special regulations on sharia e-commerce and increasing digital muamalah literacy for the Muslim community. 

Keywords


Gharar; E-Commerce; Consumer Protection; Sharia Economic Law; Digital Transactions.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abdussamad, Z. (2021). Qualitative Research Methods. Makassar: Syakir Media Press.

Afandi, N. (2024). Review of Qur'an Verses and Economic Hadith on Production Ethics in Islam. Collaborative Journal of Science, 4650-4655.

Agustin, H. (2021). Islamic bank theory. JPS (Journal of Sharia Banking), 67-83.

Aziz, D. A. N., Khanif, A., Hartono, M. D., & Marbun, A. A. Y. (2023). Examining Qanun in Aceh from a human rights perspective: status, substance and impact on vulnerable groups and minorities. Ijtihad J. Wacana Huk. Islam dan Kemanus, 23, 37-56.

Baiq, P. A. (2021). Legal Protection of Personal Data in E-Commerce Transactions: Perspectives of Islamic Law and Positive Law. DICTUM, 149-165.

Basyariah, N. (2022). The Prohibition of Buying and Selling Gharar: A Study of Thematic Economic Hadith of Business in the Digital Era. Mukaddimah: Journal of Islamic Studies, 40-58.

Djajaputra, S. H. (2024). Juridical Review of Default Settlement in Sale and Purchase Agreement. UNES Law Review, 10368-10380.

Djamil, N. (2023). Akuntansi Terintegrasi Islam: Alternatif Model Dalam Penyusunan Laporan Keuangan: Islamic Integrated Accounting: Alternative Models in Preparing Financial Statements. JAAMTER: Journal of Integrated Management Accounting Audit, 1-19.

Elisa, A. R. (2024). E-Commerce Business Development in the Perspective of Sharia Economics. Al-A'mal: Journal of Sharia Business Management, 1-21.

Fad, M. F. (2019). E-commerce dispute resolution through online dispute resolution in the perspective of Islamic law. Journal of Islamic Law, 99-119.

Fadhli, A. (2016). A Review of Islamic Law on the Application of Akad as-salam in e-commerce Transactions. Mazahib, 1-19.

Fahmi, B. K. (2023). Indonesia's positive legal protection against the crime of misuse of personal data. UNES Journal of Sound Justice, 369-392.

Fajar, M. R. (2024). Analysis of Buying and Selling Basic Necessities with a Credit System in the Perspective of Sharia Economics. JHEB Narasi: Journal of Law, Economics and Business, 6-12.

Fathonih, M. A. (2025). Morals and Ethics of Buying and Selling Perspectives of the Qur'an and Al-Hadith. "Morals and Ethics of Buying and Selling from the Perspective of the Qur'an and Al-Hadith." EKOMA: Journal of Economics, Management, Accounting, 5595-5609.

Haerisma, A. S. (2018). Development of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: A Review of Islamic Business Ethics. Al-Mustashfa: Journal of Sharia Economic Law Research, 153-168.

Handoyo, B. (2022). Consumer Protection of Household Food Products Without an Expiration Date in the Perspective of Positive Law and Islamic Law. Constitution: Journal of State and Political Law Research, 1-16.

Aaron, I. A. (2022). The Implementation of the Concept of Maslahah Mursalah in Islamic Economics According to Islamic Figures and Jumhur Ulama. Journal of Economics, 563-577.

Haq, I., Sudirman, L., & Amiruddin, M. M. (2025). Eco-Theological Insights on The Sasi Tradition: Analyzing Environmental Ethics and Sanctions Through Fiqh al-Bi'ah and Islamic Criminal Law. Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 10(1), 58-80.

Hayati, W. (2025). The Application of The Principle of Bona Fides in The Sale and Purchase Agreement Through the Electronic System (E-Commerce). Iqtishaduna: Scientific Journal of Sharia Economic Law Students, 421-428.

Herlina, N. (2019). The Application of Administrative Sanctions in Consumer Protection Law. Galuh Justisi Scientific Journal, 190-203.

Ishaq. (2017). Legal Research Methods and Writing Thesis, Thesis, and Dissertation. Bandung: Alfabeta.

Jaharuddin, A. A. (2024). Business Ethics in E-Commerce: Implementation of Islamic Values in Online Business Practices. J-CEKI: Journal of Scientific Scholars, 3578-3592.

Khisom, M. (2019). Online buying and selling contracts in the perspective of Islamic law and positive law. Turatsuna: Journal of Islam and Education, 56-67.

Kurniawati, A. D. (2019). E-Commerce Transactions in an Islamic Perspective. El Barka: Journal of Islamic Economics and Business, 90-113.

Maharani. (2024). Islamic Covenant Legal Business Ethics. Ahkam: Journal of Islamic Law and Humanity, 15-24.

Maimunah, I. A. (2021). Sharia Economic Customer Protection through Pawn Transactions in the Perspective of Fiqh Muamalah. Islamic Law, 236-255.

Midhia, F. G. (2022). Buying and selling with the concept of All You Can Eat in the perspective of fiqh muamalah. Mu'amalah: Journal of Sharia Economic Law, 39-52.

Mustaqim, D. A. (2023). Halal certification as a form of Muslim consumer protection: An analysis of sharia maqashid and positive law. AB-JOIEC: Al-Bahjah Journal of Islamic Economics, 54-67.

Muthiah, A. (2018). Consumer Protection of Defective Products in the Perspective of Buying and Selling Fiqh. Sharia: Journal of Law and Thought, 211-232.

Muttaqin, M. Z. (2024). Implementation of e-Money in the Perspective of Sharia Economic Law: An Analysis of Sharia Principles and Compliance. Innovative: Journal Of Social Science Research, 6371-6380.

Ningrum, E. W. (2023). Understanding the concept of gharar in the community in online buying and selling. Sahmiyya: Journal of Economics and Business, 472-480.

Ningrum, E. W. (2023). Understanding the concept of gharar in society in online buying and selling. Sahmiyya: Journal of Economics and Business, 472-480.

Nugraha, P. P. (2023). The Correlation of Joyoboyo's Prediction of Pasar Ilang Kumandange to Digital Marketing in the Marketing 4.0 Era in Indonesia. Build Recapiment, 75-87.

Nugrahani, F. (2014). Qualitative Research Methods in Language Education Research. Surakarta.

Purnomo, S. B. (2024). The Process of Buying and Selling Rubber Rubber Tenders in Rejodadi Village, Sembawa District, Banyuasin Regency in The Perspective of The Principles of Sharia Economic Law. Journal of Multidiscipline and Equality, 9-17.

Putri, E. A. (2021). The authority of the MUI after the issuance of Government Regulation No. 31 of 2019 concerning the Implementation Regulation of Law No. 33 of 2014 concerning Halal Product Assurance. Krtha Bhayangkara, 19-26.

This, D. E. (2020). Market Place-Based E-Commerce Transactions: Between Akad Salam and Gharar Perspective of Fiqh Madzhab SyafiI. MIYAH: Journal of Islamic Studies, 414-429.

Rahman, A. (2025). THE PRINCIPLES OF JUSTICE IN PRICING FROM AN ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE. Al-Hukmi: Journal of Islamic Economic and Family Law, 124-134.

Rahman, F. (2022). The practice of affiliate marketing on e-commerce platforms in a review of sharia economic law. Istidlal: Journal of Islamic Economics and Law, 24-37.

Ramly, A. R. (2019). The Concept of Gharar and Maysir and Their Application to Islamic Financial Institutions. Islam Universalia: International Journal of Islamic Studies and Social Sciences, 62-82.

Rosmayati, S. (023). Legal challenges and the role of the government in the development of e-commerce. Coalition: Cooperative Journal, 9-24.

Ruslan, N. F. (2022). Keberangkalian Gharar di dalam E Wallet: Satu Penelitian Awal: Probability of Gharar in E-Wallets: A Preliminary Study. ALBASIRAH JOURNAL, 25-36.

Salim, M. (2017). Buy and sell online according to the view of Islamic law. Al Daulah: Journal of Criminal Law and Constitutionality, 371-386.

Santoso, N. A. (2024). The analysis of profit sharing between investors and managers is reviewed from the perspective of Islamic economic law. El-kahfi| Journal of Islamic Economics, 372-383.

Setiawan, I. (2021). Basic Principles of Sharia Financial Management. Journal of Sharia Accounting and Business (AKSY), 153-170.

Sholihin, R. (2020). A Review of Fiqh Muamalah on the Practice of Skincare Endorsement in Banda Aceh. Al-Mudharabah: Journal of Sharia Economics and Finance, 69-80.

Sulaeman, O., Alfiander, D., Kanus, O., Rahmi, S. N., & Utomo, B. (2025). Negotiating Gender Justice in Minangkabau Marital Disputes: Between Adat, Islamic, and State Law. JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah), 24(1), 39-49.

Suryaningsih, D. I. (2019). Analysis of Gold Debt Receivables in Laban Village Menganti Gresik. Journal of Islamic Economics and Business, 36-49.

Susanti, I. (2017). Juridical Review of Consumer Protection of Online Shopping Based on Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection in conjunction with Law No. 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions. Sigma-Mu, 19-32.

Tona, T. I. (2022). The Practice of Gharar and Maisir in the Modern Era. Mu'amalat: Journal of Sharia Economic Law Studies, 163-176.

Ulum, M. (2020). The principles of online buying and selling in Islam and its application to Islamic E-commerce in Indonesia. Journal of Economic and Business Dynamics, 454249.

Wahid, K. (2018). The Significance of the Al-Ḥisbah Institution in the Islamic Economic System. Mizani Scientific Journal: Legal, Economic and Religious Discourse, 135-150.

Wardana, H. K. (2024). Sharia law on riba and gharar is reviewed from the perspective of economic transactions in Islam. Journal of Education and Teaching Review (JRPP), 14361-14364.

Winario, N. F. (2024). Consumer Protection in Islamic Banking: A Legal Perspective of Islamic Economics. Multidisciplinary Journal Of Religion and Social Sciences, 29-39.

Wulandari, F. (2019). Implementation of DSN MUI Fatwa No. 31/DSN-MUI/VI/2002 concerning Debt Transfer to Take Over Financing at BRI Syariah Madiun Branch Office. Script iIAIN Ponorogo.

Yoesoef, A. S. (2020). Gharar's practice on product endorsements on social media Instagram." . Al-Mustashfa: Journal of Sharia Economic Law Research, 117-126.

Yossyafaat, A. A. (2023). Legal Aspects of Consumer Protection on the Transfer of Personal Data by Corporations in Indonesian Positive Law. Red Wing, 619-629.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2025 Saqifah: Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syariah

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Flag Counter 

Saqifah Visitor 

Creative Commons License

Saqifah by Fakultas Syariah UIN Imam Bonjol Padang is licensed under a Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)

 

EDITORIAL OFFICE

Fakultas Syariah UIN Imam Bonjol Padang

Kampus III UIN Imam Bonjol Padang

Jl. Balai Gadang Kec. Koto Tangah, Kota Padang, Sumatera Barat 25171